Operant and Clasical Conditioning

Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Classical conditioning also Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, Pavlovian reinforcement is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. The typical procedure for inducing classical conditioning involves presentations of a neutral stimulus along with a stimulus of some significance.

Some problems with the use of punishment include:

1. The effects may only be temporary.
This is more of a problem when the aversive stimulus used is mild.
2. It is not as clear of a source of information as is reinforcement.
Reinforcement provides the organism with more information than does punishment. Reinforcement tells the animal "what you did is good", while punishment tells the animal "stop that".
3. It may lead to escape, avoidance, aggression, & other negative emotional reactions.
The mechanism by which this occurs is called classical conditioning.
4. It must be prompt.
It should follow the occurrence of the undesired behavior immediately
http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/dog/LA/DrP3.htm

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning, or Pavlovian conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior Reinforcement is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency. Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency
1. Positive reinforcement (Reinforcement) occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution can be delivered when the rat engages in a target behavior, such as pressing a lever.

2. Negative reinforcement (Escape) occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.

3. Positive punishment (Punishment) (also called "Punishment by contingent stimulation") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

4. Negative punishment (Penalty) (also called "Punishment by contingent withdrawal") occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning

B.F. Skinner

Burrhus Federic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904. He was an American psychologist; he also was an author and an inventor. He advocate for social reform. In 1958 he was teaching psychology in Harvard University later he retired in 1974. He invented the operand conditioning chamber, it was also known as the Skinner box. It is a laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior.

He also innovated his own philosophy of Radical behaviorism and founded his own school of experimental research psychology. He discovered and advanced the rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure rate of responding as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement. He published 21 books and 180 articles. Then he died in August 18, 1990.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skinner_box_scheme_01.png

i like Clasical conditioning because....

i like clasical conditioning because i learn how to condition my little sister so she leaves my things alone. and each time I shout her name she is alert form were my voice is coming from the house. Classical conditioning (also Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, Pavlovian reinforcement) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Pavlov. The typical procedure for inducing classical conditioning involves presentations of a neutral along with a stimulus of some significance. The neutral stimulus could be any event that does not result in an overt behavioral response from the organism under investigation. Pavlov referred to this as a conditioned stimulus (CS). Conversely, presentation of the significant stimulus necessarily evokes an innate, often reflexive, response. Pavlov called these the unconditioned stimulus (US) and unconditioned response (UR), respectively. If the CS and the US are repeatedly paired, eventually the two stimuli become associated and the organism begins to produce a behavioral response to the CS. Pavlov called this the conditioned response (CR).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning

John Broadus Watson

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American Psychologist who established the psycologist school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He also conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. Later he went on from psychology to become a popular author on child-rearing, and an acclaimed contributor to the advertising industry. He later conducted the Little Albert expririment that treated about this baby that was condition to fear to a rat, a dog, a stuff animal and furry mask.
The first paragraph of the article concisely described Watson's behaviorist position:
“Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.”

pavlov and his theory

The Russian physicist Ivan Petrovitsj Pavlov was born in 1849.He studied pharmacology and physiology in Sint Petersburg. Later he became a teacher on this academy. Besides teaching, he was involved in medical research.Pavlov was interested in the behavior of both humans and animals, and he was especially interested in reflexes. His biggest contribution to the field of psychology is classical conditioning, a theory about how behavior is learned. He received a Nobel price for his important contribution to science. Pavlov died in 1936 in Russia.
Pavlov was a behaviorist. This means that his theories focused on observable behavior, because behavior can be measured and thought can not. The human mind should be interpreted as a black box that can not be opened. Only was goes in the box and what comes out can be known. Scientific evidence is the keyword in his theory.